The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients.The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots.In this review,we disc...The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients.The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots.In this review,we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective.We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions.Moreover,we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next,a subject that thus far has received limited attention.In addition,we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules,and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making.Finally,we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages.Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation,and how one stage drives the transition to the next.展开更多
Prof.Weizhi Ji is a distinguished scientist in nonhuman primate reproduction and developmental biology.He is devoted to uncovering the regulation mechanisms of early embryo development and stem cell pluripotency,and t...Prof.Weizhi Ji is a distinguished scientist in nonhuman primate reproduction and developmental biology.He is devoted to uncovering the regulation mechanisms of early embryo development and stem cell pluripotency,and to understanding the pathogenesis of human diseases using nonhuman primate (NHP)models.Through decades of research, Prof.Ji has developed a series of research systems and technologies in NHPs including in vitro fertilization,early embryo culture,gene editing and stem cell isolation and culture.Using these systems,he has made remarkable original and fundamental achievements in the molecular mechanisms of NHP reproduction and development,stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.His research first demonstrates the developmental pluripotency of monkey pluripotent stem c.ells (PSCs)and paves the way of using gene editing technology to establish primate models.展开更多
Background:Our knowledge of avian brood parasitism is primarily based on studies of a few selected species.Recently,researchers have targeted a wider range of host–parasite systems,which has allowed further evaluatio...Background:Our knowledge of avian brood parasitism is primarily based on studies of a few selected species.Recently,researchers have targeted a wider range of host–parasite systems,which has allowed further evaluation of hypotheses derived from well-known study systems but also disclosed adaptations that were previously unknown.Here we present developmental and behavioral data on the previously undescribed Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) nestling and one of its hosts,the Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius).Methods:We discovered more than 80 Common Tailorbird nests within an area of 25 km^2,and we recorded nestling characteristics,body mass,tarsus length and begging display every 3 days for both species.Results:Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings followed a developmental pathway that was relatively similar to that of their well-studied relative,the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).Tailorbird foster siblings were evicted from the nest rim.The cuckoo nestlings gained weight faster than host nestlings,and required 3–9 days longer time to fledge than host nestlings.Predation was high during the early stages of development,but the nestlings acquired a warning display around 11 days in the nest,after which none of the studied cuckoo nestlings were depredated.The cuckoos’ begging display,which appeared more intense than that of host nestlings,was initially vocally similar with that of the host nestlings but began to diverge from the host sound output after day 9.Conclusions:The developmental data on Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings and their tailorbird host builds an important foundation for future work on the co-evolutionary interactions in this parasite–host system.展开更多
为更详细地了解Goosecoid(Gsc)基因在文昌鱼中的表达情况,研究通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)和整胚原位杂交(whole mount in situ hybridization,WISH)对Gsc基因在白氏文昌鱼...为更详细地了解Goosecoid(Gsc)基因在文昌鱼中的表达情况,研究通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)和整胚原位杂交(whole mount in situ hybridization,WISH)对Gsc基因在白氏文昌鱼不同发育时期胚胎的时空表达谱进行了分析。RT-qPCR结果表明,文昌鱼Gsc基因为非母源表达,其合子表达起始于囊胚期,并在原肠胚中期达到峰值,至神经胚早期该基因的表达量显著下降,但仍处于较高的表达水平。此后,随着胚胎发育,基因表达量逐渐下降,到幼体早期只能检测到微弱的表达信号。原位杂交结果显示,Gsc最早表达于囊胚背侧的细胞,原肠胚期基因表达集中在背部中内胚层(该区域对应脊椎动物组织者区域),神经胚早期基因表达向轴中胚层(将来发育成脊索)集中,神经胚中期,除近尾端区域外,该基因在轴中胚层的表达完全消失,此时又在咽区的背面、消化道的两侧和腹侧、神经管的腹侧检测到该基因的表达信号,至神经胚晚期和幼体早期,仅在尾端脊索中胚层区域检测到该基因的表达信号。本研究为进一步研究Gsc基因在文昌鱼中的功能奠定了基础。展开更多
基金Netherlands Scientific Organization (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek)(737.016.012 to J.A.S.T. and K.T.T and 864.14.003 to K.T.T).
文摘The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients.The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots.In this review,we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective.We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions.Moreover,we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next,a subject that thus far has received limited attention.In addition,we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules,and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making.Finally,we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages.Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation,and how one stage drives the transition to the next.
文摘Prof.Weizhi Ji is a distinguished scientist in nonhuman primate reproduction and developmental biology.He is devoted to uncovering the regulation mechanisms of early embryo development and stem cell pluripotency,and to understanding the pathogenesis of human diseases using nonhuman primate (NHP)models.Through decades of research, Prof.Ji has developed a series of research systems and technologies in NHPs including in vitro fertilization,early embryo culture,gene editing and stem cell isolation and culture.Using these systems,he has made remarkable original and fundamental achievements in the molecular mechanisms of NHP reproduction and development,stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.His research first demonstrates the developmental pluripotency of monkey pluripotent stem c.ells (PSCs)and paves the way of using gene editing technology to establish primate models.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472013 and 31772453 to WL,31672303 to CY,31460567 to AJ)The Research Council of Norway (218144 to BGS and FF).
文摘Background:Our knowledge of avian brood parasitism is primarily based on studies of a few selected species.Recently,researchers have targeted a wider range of host–parasite systems,which has allowed further evaluation of hypotheses derived from well-known study systems but also disclosed adaptations that were previously unknown.Here we present developmental and behavioral data on the previously undescribed Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) nestling and one of its hosts,the Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius).Methods:We discovered more than 80 Common Tailorbird nests within an area of 25 km^2,and we recorded nestling characteristics,body mass,tarsus length and begging display every 3 days for both species.Results:Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings followed a developmental pathway that was relatively similar to that of their well-studied relative,the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).Tailorbird foster siblings were evicted from the nest rim.The cuckoo nestlings gained weight faster than host nestlings,and required 3–9 days longer time to fledge than host nestlings.Predation was high during the early stages of development,but the nestlings acquired a warning display around 11 days in the nest,after which none of the studied cuckoo nestlings were depredated.The cuckoos’ begging display,which appeared more intense than that of host nestlings,was initially vocally similar with that of the host nestlings but began to diverge from the host sound output after day 9.Conclusions:The developmental data on Plaintive Cuckoo nestlings and their tailorbird host builds an important foundation for future work on the co-evolutionary interactions in this parasite–host system.
文摘为更详细地了解Goosecoid(Gsc)基因在文昌鱼中的表达情况,研究通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)和整胚原位杂交(whole mount in situ hybridization,WISH)对Gsc基因在白氏文昌鱼不同发育时期胚胎的时空表达谱进行了分析。RT-qPCR结果表明,文昌鱼Gsc基因为非母源表达,其合子表达起始于囊胚期,并在原肠胚中期达到峰值,至神经胚早期该基因的表达量显著下降,但仍处于较高的表达水平。此后,随着胚胎发育,基因表达量逐渐下降,到幼体早期只能检测到微弱的表达信号。原位杂交结果显示,Gsc最早表达于囊胚背侧的细胞,原肠胚期基因表达集中在背部中内胚层(该区域对应脊椎动物组织者区域),神经胚早期基因表达向轴中胚层(将来发育成脊索)集中,神经胚中期,除近尾端区域外,该基因在轴中胚层的表达完全消失,此时又在咽区的背面、消化道的两侧和腹侧、神经管的腹侧检测到该基因的表达信号,至神经胚晚期和幼体早期,仅在尾端脊索中胚层区域检测到该基因的表达信号。本研究为进一步研究Gsc基因在文昌鱼中的功能奠定了基础。