<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">IgG4 related disease is a relatively recently recognized systemic entity, that has been observed in nearly every org...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">IgG4 related disease is a relatively recently recognized systemic entity, that has been observed in nearly every organ system, with similar histopathological features across all identified organs. IgG4 is an antibody molecule accounting for less than 5% of the total IgG count in a healthy person. The molecule is implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases;however its role in IgG4 related disease, whether primary or secondary, remains unknown. The gold standard in the diagnosis of this condition is demonstration of organ involvement from biopsy specimens. In this case report, the patient had exhibited symptoms related mainly to the gastrointestinal tract for 12 years prior to his diagnosis of IgG4 related disease. After this patient’s diagnosis of IgG4 related disease, he was commenced on Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, which was successful in subsiding his symptoms and he has remained symptom free for the past two years of follow up since commencing treatment and hadn’t developed any complications of the disease nor any complications related to treatment. IgG4 related disease is a systemic autoimmune disease that involves multiple organs 60% - 90% of the time, therefore clinicians should be aware that IgG4 related disease can mimic some autoimmune rheumatic diseases and place it as a differential diagnosis when multi-organ disease with systemic features is involved.</span> </div>展开更多
Background:Concurrent extrahepatic autoimmune disorders(CEHAID)are frequently observed in autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).It is not clear whether there is any prognostic significance of CEHAID on AIH.The aim of this study w...Background:Concurrent extrahepatic autoimmune disorders(CEHAID)are frequently observed in autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).It is not clear whether there is any prognostic significance of CEHAID on AIH.The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic impact of CEHAID and the correlation with the disease severity of AIH.Methods:This study included 65 hospitalized subjects who fulfilled the accepted criteria for AIH during an 8-year period(2009–2016).All records were manually screened for presence of associated autoimmune diseases.Disease severity of AIH was assessed by liver laboratory tests including the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase(AST/ALT)and liver histology.Results:Among the enrolled patients,52(80%)were female(median age 61 years,IQR 45–75).Fifty-six(86.2%)were classified as type-1 AIH.In 26(40%)patients at least one additional extrahepatic autoimmune disease was diagnosed.Thirty-four subjects were referred to our hospital because of acute presentation of AIH(supposed by an acute elevation of hepatic enzymes)for subsequent liver biopsy resulting in initial diagnosis of AIH.This group was stratified into 3 subgroups:(A)AIH alone(n=14);(B)overlap with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)/primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)(n=11);and(C)with CEHAID(n=9).AST/ALT ratio was the lowest in subgroup C(median 0.64,IQR 0.51–0.94;P=0.023),compared to subgroup A(median 0.91,IQR 0.66–1.10)and subgroup B(median 1.10,IQR 0.89–1.36).Patients with AIH alone showed a trend to the highest grade of fibrosis(mean 2.3;95%CI:1.5–3.0)with no statistical significance compared to subjects with CEHAID(lowest grade of fibrosis;mean 1.5;95%CI:0.2–2.8;P=0.380)whereas the ongoing inflammation was comparable.Conclusions:AST/ALT ratio and extent of fibrosis were lower in subjects with AIH and CEHAID,compared to subjects with only AIH.Therefore,the occurrence of CEHAID might be a predictor for lower disease severity of newly diagnosed acute onset AIH,possibly caused by an earlier diagnosis or different mode展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis commonly occurs in some chronic liver diseases and may affect disease progression.AIM To investigate the performance of controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)for the diagnosis of hepatic st...BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis commonly occurs in some chronic liver diseases and may affect disease progression.AIM To investigate the performance of controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases(AILDs).METHODS Patients who were suspected of having AILDs and underwent liver biopsy were consistently enrolled.Liver stiffness measurement(LSM)and CAP were performed by transient elastography.The area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC)curve was used to evaluate the performance of CAP for diagnosing hepatic steatosis compared with biopsy.RESULTS Among 190 patients with biopsy-proven hepatic steatosis,69 were diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),18 with primary biliary cholangitis(PBC),and 27 with AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.The AUROCs of CAP for the diagnosis of steatosis in AILDS were 0.878(0.791-0.965)for S1,0.764(0.676-0.853)for S2,and 0.821(0.716-0.926)for S3.The CAP value was significantly related to hepatic steatosis grade(P<0.001).Among 69 patients with AIH,the median CAP score was 205.63±47.36 dB/m for S0,258.41±42.83 dB/m for S1,293.00±37.18 dB/m for S2,and 313.60±27.89 dB/m for S3.Compared with patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)presenting with autoimmune markers,patients with AIH concomitant with NAFLD were much older and had higher serum IgG levels and LSM values.CONCLUSION CAP can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic method to evaluate hepatic steatosis in patients with AILDs.Determination of LSM combined with CAP may help to identify patients with AIH concomitant with NAFLD from those with NAFLD with autoimmune phenomena.展开更多
Rituximab is a mouse and human chimeric CD<sub>20</sub> (anti-B cell) specific monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of lymphoma. The express...Rituximab is a mouse and human chimeric CD<sub>20</sub> (anti-B cell) specific monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of lymphoma. The expression of CD<sub>20</sub> antigen is expressed in the whole ontogeny of B cells, starting from the premature B cells in bone marrow to the differentiation of plasma cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. The wide distribution of CD<sub>20</sub> molecules allows rituximab to eliminate a large number of B cells. Rituximab is the core drug for the treatment of hematological diseases, often combined with drugs as a first-line treatment. Long-term hormone therapy often results in serious adverse reactions, and new therapies, which can avoid widespread immunotoxicity, have great potential for treating diseases of the blood system.展开更多
BACKGROUND Autoimmune antibodies are detected in many diseases.Viral infections are accompanied by several immunopathological manifestations.Some autoimmune antibodies have been associated with the immune response ind...BACKGROUND Autoimmune antibodies are detected in many diseases.Viral infections are accompanied by several immunopathological manifestations.Some autoimmune antibodies have been associated with the immune response induced by virus or drugs.Thus,a comprehensive diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B combined with autoimmune hepatitis is required,and immunosuppressant or antiviral therapy should be carefully considered.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of a patient who had negative transformation of autoimmune antibodies during chronic active hepatitis B.A 50-year-old female who had a history of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers for more than 10 years presented to the hospital with the complaint of weakness for 1 wk.Blood tests revealed elevated liver enzymes;the detection of autoantibodies was positive.Hepatitis B viral load was 72100000 IU/mL.The patient started tenofovir alafenamide fumigate 25 mg daily.Liver biopsy was performed,which was consistent with chronic active hepatitis B.The final diagnosis of the case was chronic active hepatitis B.The autoimmune antibodies turned negative after 4 wk of antiviral therapy.The patient recovered and was discharged with normal liver function.There was no appearance of autoantibodies,and liver function was normal at regular follow-ups.CONCLUSION Autoimmune antibodies may appear in patients with chronic active hepatitis.It is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis with autoimmune hepatitis.展开更多
Myasthenia gravis is a rare and invalidating disease affecting the neuromuscular junction of voluntary muscles.The classical form of this autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the m...Myasthenia gravis is a rare and invalidating disease affecting the neuromuscular junction of voluntary muscles.The classical form of this autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the most abundant protein in the neuromuscular junction,the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.Other variants of the disease involve autoimmune attack of non-receptor scaffolding proteins or enzymes essential for building or maintaining the integrity of this peripheral synapse.This review summarizes the participation of the above proteins in building the neuromuscular junction and the destruction of this cholinergic synapse by autoimmune aggression in myasthenia gravis.The review also covers the application of a powerful biophysical technique,superresolution optical microscopy,to image the nicotinic receptor in live cells and follow its motional dynamics.The hypothesis is entertained that anomalous nanocluster formation by antibody crosslinking may lead to accelerated endocytic internalization and elevated turnover of the receptor,as observed in myasthenia gravis.展开更多
Multiple sclerosis(MS)is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system(CNS)that has both inflammatory and neurodegenerative com ponents.Both genetic and environmental factors confer risk for developing t...Multiple sclerosis(MS)is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system(CNS)that has both inflammatory and neurodegenerative com ponents.Both genetic and environmental factors confer risk for developing the disease.Additionally,gut microbiota appears to play an important role in the risk for MS and potentially also in affecting disease severity,though our understanding of these interactions are still incomplete(Bhargava and Mowry,2014).展开更多
Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinica...Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and the treatments in a series of BN cases.Methods We retrospectively collected and reviewed clinical information of all patients who presented bamboo nodes by fibreoptic laryngoscopy from 2011 to 2020 in our hospital,including the demographic information,clinical symptoms,associated autoimmune diseases,voice abuse,treatments,and outcomes.Patients were followed up periodically at clinics with fibreoptic laryngoscopy and/or voice recovery evaluation using the selt assessed voice visual analog scale(VAS).Results Tdtally 14 patients were diagnosed with BN and were included in the study.BN involved both women(8/14,57.1%)and men(6/14,42.9%).Bilateral lesions were found in 13 patients(92.9%).The most common symptom of BN was hoarseness(100%).Ten(71.4%)of 14 patients experienced voice abuse.Thirteen(92.9%)of them were concomitant with autoimmunity disease,and received medication therapy for the underlying autoimmune diseases;one patient received anti-acid treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease.Voice rests were performed in all patients.Voice recovered completely in 3 cases(21.4%),improved remarkably in 8 cases(57.1%),improved slightly in 1 case(7.1%),and no improvement in 2 cases(14.3%).Conclusions BNs are mostly associated with autoimmune disease and vocal abuse.It may occur in both females and males・Conservative treatment for the underlying autoimmune diseases and vocal rest are beneficial to voice recovery in most of the patients,and can be used as the first choice of treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)is widely used in the treatment of hematological diseases.However,complications after transplantation,such as acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease(GVHD),still...BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)is widely used in the treatment of hematological diseases.However,complications after transplantation,such as acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease(GVHD),still seriously affect the quality of life and even threaten the lives of patients.There is evidence that glomerular diseases can manifest as GVHD.However,GVHD should not occur as a result of syngeneic HSCT.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old male diagnosed with T lymphoblastic lymphoma(stage IIIA,aaIPI 1)in September 2013 was treated with six cycles of hyper-CVAD and achieved complete remission.He underwent syngeneic HSCT in June 2014,and had no kidney disease history before the transplant.However,nephrotic syndrome occurred 24 mo later in the patient after syngeneic HSCT.Renal biopsy was performed,which led to a diagnosis of atypical membranous nephropathy.After treatment with glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved.CONCLUSION We report a case of delayed nephrotic syndrome after syngeneic HSCT.Antibodymediated autoimmune glomerular disease may be the underlying mechanism.After treatment with immunosuppressive agents,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved but further long-term follow-up is still needed.展开更多
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA)describes a subgroup of patients who develop phenotypic type 2 diabetes(T2D)but with markers of islet autoimmunity.It is under debate whether LADA is a subtype of type 1 diabe...Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA)describes a subgroup of patients who develop phenotypic type 2 diabetes(T2D)but with markers of islet autoimmunity.It is under debate whether LADA is a subtype of type 1 diabetes(T1D)or a unique disease.LADA comprises about 1.5%to 14.2%in phenotypic T2D depending on ethnicity.It is the most common form of autoimmune diabetes diagnosed in adults,with 3.3-to 12.2-fold higher prevalence than that of adult-onset T1D.展开更多
To the Editor:The Human Genome Project decodes the mysteries of life,explores the pathogenesis of disease,and provides scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Traditional sequencing methods pred...To the Editor:The Human Genome Project decodes the mysteries of life,explores the pathogenesis of disease,and provides scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Traditional sequencing methods predominantly provide genome-wide sequence information and an average of the mix of cell types,which does not take into account the heterogeneity between cells and between subtypes.Advances in genome sequencing technology have allowed the development of single cell sequencing(SCS).展开更多
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">IgG4 related disease is a relatively recently recognized systemic entity, that has been observed in nearly every organ system, with similar histopathological features across all identified organs. IgG4 is an antibody molecule accounting for less than 5% of the total IgG count in a healthy person. The molecule is implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases;however its role in IgG4 related disease, whether primary or secondary, remains unknown. The gold standard in the diagnosis of this condition is demonstration of organ involvement from biopsy specimens. In this case report, the patient had exhibited symptoms related mainly to the gastrointestinal tract for 12 years prior to his diagnosis of IgG4 related disease. After this patient’s diagnosis of IgG4 related disease, he was commenced on Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, which was successful in subsiding his symptoms and he has remained symptom free for the past two years of follow up since commencing treatment and hadn’t developed any complications of the disease nor any complications related to treatment. IgG4 related disease is a systemic autoimmune disease that involves multiple organs 60% - 90% of the time, therefore clinicians should be aware that IgG4 related disease can mimic some autoimmune rheumatic diseases and place it as a differential diagnosis when multi-organ disease with systemic features is involved.</span> </div>
文摘Background:Concurrent extrahepatic autoimmune disorders(CEHAID)are frequently observed in autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).It is not clear whether there is any prognostic significance of CEHAID on AIH.The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic impact of CEHAID and the correlation with the disease severity of AIH.Methods:This study included 65 hospitalized subjects who fulfilled the accepted criteria for AIH during an 8-year period(2009–2016).All records were manually screened for presence of associated autoimmune diseases.Disease severity of AIH was assessed by liver laboratory tests including the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase(AST/ALT)and liver histology.Results:Among the enrolled patients,52(80%)were female(median age 61 years,IQR 45–75).Fifty-six(86.2%)were classified as type-1 AIH.In 26(40%)patients at least one additional extrahepatic autoimmune disease was diagnosed.Thirty-four subjects were referred to our hospital because of acute presentation of AIH(supposed by an acute elevation of hepatic enzymes)for subsequent liver biopsy resulting in initial diagnosis of AIH.This group was stratified into 3 subgroups:(A)AIH alone(n=14);(B)overlap with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)/primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)(n=11);and(C)with CEHAID(n=9).AST/ALT ratio was the lowest in subgroup C(median 0.64,IQR 0.51–0.94;P=0.023),compared to subgroup A(median 0.91,IQR 0.66–1.10)and subgroup B(median 1.10,IQR 0.89–1.36).Patients with AIH alone showed a trend to the highest grade of fibrosis(mean 2.3;95%CI:1.5–3.0)with no statistical significance compared to subjects with CEHAID(lowest grade of fibrosis;mean 1.5;95%CI:0.2–2.8;P=0.380)whereas the ongoing inflammation was comparable.Conclusions:AST/ALT ratio and extent of fibrosis were lower in subjects with AIH and CEHAID,compared to subjects with only AIH.Therefore,the occurrence of CEHAID might be a predictor for lower disease severity of newly diagnosed acute onset AIH,possibly caused by an earlier diagnosis or different mode
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81470842 and No.81770572.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis commonly occurs in some chronic liver diseases and may affect disease progression.AIM To investigate the performance of controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases(AILDs).METHODS Patients who were suspected of having AILDs and underwent liver biopsy were consistently enrolled.Liver stiffness measurement(LSM)and CAP were performed by transient elastography.The area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC)curve was used to evaluate the performance of CAP for diagnosing hepatic steatosis compared with biopsy.RESULTS Among 190 patients with biopsy-proven hepatic steatosis,69 were diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),18 with primary biliary cholangitis(PBC),and 27 with AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.The AUROCs of CAP for the diagnosis of steatosis in AILDS were 0.878(0.791-0.965)for S1,0.764(0.676-0.853)for S2,and 0.821(0.716-0.926)for S3.The CAP value was significantly related to hepatic steatosis grade(P<0.001).Among 69 patients with AIH,the median CAP score was 205.63±47.36 dB/m for S0,258.41±42.83 dB/m for S1,293.00±37.18 dB/m for S2,and 313.60±27.89 dB/m for S3.Compared with patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)presenting with autoimmune markers,patients with AIH concomitant with NAFLD were much older and had higher serum IgG levels and LSM values.CONCLUSION CAP can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic method to evaluate hepatic steatosis in patients with AILDs.Determination of LSM combined with CAP may help to identify patients with AIH concomitant with NAFLD from those with NAFLD with autoimmune phenomena.
文摘Rituximab is a mouse and human chimeric CD<sub>20</sub> (anti-B cell) specific monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of lymphoma. The expression of CD<sub>20</sub> antigen is expressed in the whole ontogeny of B cells, starting from the premature B cells in bone marrow to the differentiation of plasma cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. The wide distribution of CD<sub>20</sub> molecules allows rituximab to eliminate a large number of B cells. Rituximab is the core drug for the treatment of hematological diseases, often combined with drugs as a first-line treatment. Long-term hormone therapy often results in serious adverse reactions, and new therapies, which can avoid widespread immunotoxicity, have great potential for treating diseases of the blood system.
文摘BACKGROUND Autoimmune antibodies are detected in many diseases.Viral infections are accompanied by several immunopathological manifestations.Some autoimmune antibodies have been associated with the immune response induced by virus or drugs.Thus,a comprehensive diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B combined with autoimmune hepatitis is required,and immunosuppressant or antiviral therapy should be carefully considered.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of a patient who had negative transformation of autoimmune antibodies during chronic active hepatitis B.A 50-year-old female who had a history of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriers for more than 10 years presented to the hospital with the complaint of weakness for 1 wk.Blood tests revealed elevated liver enzymes;the detection of autoantibodies was positive.Hepatitis B viral load was 72100000 IU/mL.The patient started tenofovir alafenamide fumigate 25 mg daily.Liver biopsy was performed,which was consistent with chronic active hepatitis B.The final diagnosis of the case was chronic active hepatitis B.The autoimmune antibodies turned negative after 4 wk of antiviral therapy.The patient recovered and was discharged with normal liver function.There was no appearance of autoantibodies,and liver function was normal at regular follow-ups.CONCLUSION Autoimmune antibodies may appear in patients with chronic active hepatitis.It is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis with autoimmune hepatitis.
文摘Myasthenia gravis is a rare and invalidating disease affecting the neuromuscular junction of voluntary muscles.The classical form of this autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the most abundant protein in the neuromuscular junction,the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.Other variants of the disease involve autoimmune attack of non-receptor scaffolding proteins or enzymes essential for building or maintaining the integrity of this peripheral synapse.This review summarizes the participation of the above proteins in building the neuromuscular junction and the destruction of this cholinergic synapse by autoimmune aggression in myasthenia gravis.The review also covers the application of a powerful biophysical technique,superresolution optical microscopy,to image the nicotinic receptor in live cells and follow its motional dynamics.The hypothesis is entertained that anomalous nanocluster formation by antibody crosslinking may lead to accelerated endocytic internalization and elevated turnover of the receptor,as observed in myasthenia gravis.
基金supported in part by a Career Transition Fellowship from the National MS Society。
文摘Multiple sclerosis(MS)is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system(CNS)that has both inflammatory and neurodegenerative com ponents.Both genetic and environmental factors confer risk for developing the disease.Additionally,gut microbiota appears to play an important role in the risk for MS and potentially also in affecting disease severity,though our understanding of these interactions are still incomplete(Bhargava and Mowry,2014).
文摘Objective Bamboo node(BN)of vocal folds is a rare disease which is mostly associated with autoimmune diseases and always involves women as reported in literature.The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics and the treatments in a series of BN cases.Methods We retrospectively collected and reviewed clinical information of all patients who presented bamboo nodes by fibreoptic laryngoscopy from 2011 to 2020 in our hospital,including the demographic information,clinical symptoms,associated autoimmune diseases,voice abuse,treatments,and outcomes.Patients were followed up periodically at clinics with fibreoptic laryngoscopy and/or voice recovery evaluation using the selt assessed voice visual analog scale(VAS).Results Tdtally 14 patients were diagnosed with BN and were included in the study.BN involved both women(8/14,57.1%)and men(6/14,42.9%).Bilateral lesions were found in 13 patients(92.9%).The most common symptom of BN was hoarseness(100%).Ten(71.4%)of 14 patients experienced voice abuse.Thirteen(92.9%)of them were concomitant with autoimmunity disease,and received medication therapy for the underlying autoimmune diseases;one patient received anti-acid treatment for the gastroesophageal reflux disease.Voice rests were performed in all patients.Voice recovered completely in 3 cases(21.4%),improved remarkably in 8 cases(57.1%),improved slightly in 1 case(7.1%),and no improvement in 2 cases(14.3%).Conclusions BNs are mostly associated with autoimmune disease and vocal abuse.It may occur in both females and males・Conservative treatment for the underlying autoimmune diseases and vocal rest are beneficial to voice recovery in most of the patients,and can be used as the first choice of treatment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.8197039and 2017 Jiangsu Commission of Health Research Project,No.H2017023.
文摘BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT)is widely used in the treatment of hematological diseases.However,complications after transplantation,such as acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease(GVHD),still seriously affect the quality of life and even threaten the lives of patients.There is evidence that glomerular diseases can manifest as GVHD.However,GVHD should not occur as a result of syngeneic HSCT.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old male diagnosed with T lymphoblastic lymphoma(stage IIIA,aaIPI 1)in September 2013 was treated with six cycles of hyper-CVAD and achieved complete remission.He underwent syngeneic HSCT in June 2014,and had no kidney disease history before the transplant.However,nephrotic syndrome occurred 24 mo later in the patient after syngeneic HSCT.Renal biopsy was performed,which led to a diagnosis of atypical membranous nephropathy.After treatment with glucocorticoids combined with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved.CONCLUSION We report a case of delayed nephrotic syndrome after syngeneic HSCT.Antibodymediated autoimmune glomerular disease may be the underlying mechanism.After treatment with immunosuppressive agents,the nephrotic syndrome was completely relieved but further long-term follow-up is still needed.
基金supported by grants from the Hunan Province Natural Science Funds in China(Nos.2020JJ2053,2018JJ2573)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1305000).
文摘Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults(LADA)describes a subgroup of patients who develop phenotypic type 2 diabetes(T2D)but with markers of islet autoimmunity.It is under debate whether LADA is a subtype of type 1 diabetes(T1D)or a unique disease.LADA comprises about 1.5%to 14.2%in phenotypic T2D depending on ethnicity.It is the most common form of autoimmune diabetes diagnosed in adults,with 3.3-to 12.2-fold higher prevalence than that of adult-onset T1D.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871292)the Key Research and Development Projects of Shanxi Province(No.201803D31136)the Applied Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.201901D111416)。
文摘To the Editor:The Human Genome Project decodes the mysteries of life,explores the pathogenesis of disease,and provides scientific evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Traditional sequencing methods predominantly provide genome-wide sequence information and an average of the mix of cell types,which does not take into account the heterogeneity between cells and between subtypes.Advances in genome sequencing technology have allowed the development of single cell sequencing(SCS).